Ismail Pasha Ismail Pasha
, known as Ismail the Magnificent (Arabic: إسماعيل باشا) (December 31, 1830 - March 2, 1895), Wali was and was subsequently Khedive of Egypt and Sudan from 1863 to his insistence on the British in 1879. While he was in power greatly modernized Egypt and Sudan, but also the country heavily in debt. His philosophy can be glimpsed in a statement that he 1879:. Is "My country is no longer in Africa, we are now part of Europe It is therefore natural that we take on the task of our former ways and with a new system of our social conditions. "
Contents [hide]
1 family
2 Youth and education
3 Khedive of Egypt
3 / 1 reforms
3 / 2 war with Ethiopia
3 / 3 Suez Canal
3 / 4 debt
4 Urabi Revolt and exile
five awards
6 References
family
Ismail Pasha , the Albanian descent, born in Cairo at Al Musafir Khana Palace [1] is the second of three sons of Ibrahim Pasha and grandson of Muhammad Ali. His mother was Hoshiar (Khushiyar), third wife of his father. She was reportedly a sister of Pertevniyal Valide Sultan (1812 - 1883). Pertevniyal was a woman of Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire and the mother of Khaled [2]. [3]. [4]. [5]
[edit] Youth and Education
After receiving a European education in Paris, where he attended the École d'état-major returned, he returned home, and on the death of his older brother's inheritance from his uncle said I, the Wali of Egypt and Sudan. Said to be the designed apparently his own safety, free in as much as possible about the presence of his nephew, employed him in the next few years on missions abroad, particularly to the Pope, the Emperor Napoleon III and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire . In 1861 he was sent to the head of an army of 14,000 to quell an uprising in Sudan, and that it successfully.
[Edit] Khedive of Egypt
After the death of Said, Ismail Wali was on 19 January 1863. Like all Egyptian rulers since his grandfather, Muhammad Ali, he claimed the higher title Khedive, of the Ottoman Porte had consistently refused to sanction. However, in 1867, Ismai'l have succeeded, the Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz to grant a firman (decree) finally recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for increasing the toll. Firman Another change in the law of succession in a direct descent from father to son and not confirmed as brother to brother, and a further decree in 1873, in Egypt, the virtual independence from the Porte.
reforms
Ismail Pasha launched large systems of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, modification of the customs and the postal service, promotion of commercial progress, creating a sugar industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly and maintaining an opera and a theater . He greatly expanded Cairo, building a whole new city to its western edge of Paris model. Alexandria was also improved. He saw a large rail construction project that Egypt and Sudan increase from that virtually none on most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world.
Ismail Pasha Statue in Alexandria, Egypt
One of his most important achievements It was a gathering of delegates in November 1866. Although this is a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on state affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence on the landscape and the central government. This was in 1876 when the Assembly believes, Ismail, to return the law (enacted by him in 1871 in the money and later repealed) that land ownership and allow for tax privileges to persons paying six 'property tax in advance.
Ismail tried to reduction of the slave trade and Egyptian rule extended in Africa. In 1874 he annexed Darfur, but it was prevented from expanding in Ethiopia after a military defeat at Gura "in March, 1876.
war with Ethiopia
Ismail Pasha dreamed of expanding its range over the entire Nile, including their different sources and the entire African coast of the Red Sea. This, coupled with rumors of rich raw materials and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansionary policy is directed against Ethiopia under the Emperor Yohannes IV In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the Ottoman province Habesh (with Massawa and Sawakin on the Red Sea as the most important cities of the province) to Ismail. This province, of neighboring Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only, but extends inland ports in the impact area controlled by the Ethiopian rulers. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans, when they noted the province (eyaleti) Habesh of the 16th Century. New economically promising projects, such as cotton huge plantations in the Barka, were begun. Bogo in 1872 (with the city Keren) was obtained by the Governor of the new province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea coast, "Werner Munzinger Pasha. In October of 1875 Ismail army occupied the adjacent highlands of Hamasien, then the tributary of the Ethiopian emperor. In November, the Army virtually destroyed during the Battle of Gundet near the Mereb River. In March 1876 Ismail army again a stunning defeat suffered after an attack by Yohannes army at Gura. "Ismail's son Hassan was of the Ethiopians and released only after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only in the financial statements 1884 Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian Hewett Treaty if Bogos was returned to Ethiopia. The Red Sea, which was by Ismail and its governor Munzinger Pasha, the takeover by the Italians, and shortly thereafter became the territorial basis for the Colonia Eritrea proclaimed (in 1890).
Suez Canal Ismail Pasha
Ismail's khedivate is closely related to the construction of the Suez Canal. He agreed, and monitored the Egyptian part of the construction. On his accession, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal Company, which was of Said, and the question in 1864 on the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £ incurred 3.8 million to the company as compensation for the losses they would by the changes Ismail, who insisted on the grant in the original. Ismail then used all available means, by his own powers of fascination and doubt by reasonable spending to his personality before the foreign Rulers and the public, and he had much success. In 1867 he visited Paris and London, where he was Queen Victoria and welcomed by the Mayor. While in England he saw a Royal Navy Fleet Review with the Ottoman Sultan. In 1869 he once again a visit to England. If the channel is finally opened, Ismail held a festival of unprecedented scope, inviting dignitaries from around the world.
debt Ismail Pasha
These developments - especially the costly war with Ethiopia - left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they will struggle this position concessions by Ismail. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians was the new system of mixed courts in which the Europeans have been tried by the judges from their own nation. But in the long run was the inevitable financial crisis. A national debt of more than one hundred million pounds sterling (as opposed to three million if he viceroy) had been incurred by the Khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating the loan of its bonds was associated with an increased interest. The bond-holders became restless. Judgments against the Khedive in the international courts. When he could not more loans, he sold his Suez Canal shares outstanding (in 1875) to the British government for only £ 3,976,582; This was immediately followed by the beginning of foreign intervention. Ismail Pasha
In December 1875, Stephen Cave was supported by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt, in April 1876 and its report was published that the advice was in regard to waste and extravagance is necessary for foreign disturbing forces, to restore credit. The result was the creation of the Caisse de la Dette. In October, George Goschen and Joubert, the further investigation, which resulted in the establishment of Anglo-French control over the finances and the government. Another commission of inquiry by Major Baring (later 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Ismail make over his land to the nation and the acceptance of the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as prime minister, Charles Rivers Wilson as finance minister and de Blignieres as Minister of Public Works.
Urabi Revolt and exile of Ismail Pasha
This control of the country was unacceptable to many Egyptians, who united behind a disgruntled colonel Ahmed Urabi. The Revolt uses Urabi Egypt. Uprising of hope that could exonerate him of European control, Ismail has little objection to Urabi and gave in his demands to dissolve the government. United Kingdom and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the re-establishment of the British and French ministers. With the country largely lies in the hands of Urabi, Ismail could not agree, and had little interest in it. The European pressure, the Sultan Ismail to recall, and that was done. Ismail resigned from his office on June 26, 1879. The more flexible Tewfik, Ismail's son, became his successor. Ismail left Egypt for Naples at one time, but eventually was by the sultan to retire to his palace on the Bosphorus Emirgan. There he was caught more or less a state until his death. He is buried in Cairo.
Honors
Order of Glory of the Ottoman Empire
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold of Belgium-1862
order of nobility, special class of Ottoman Empire-1863
decision Osman, special class of Ottoman Empire-1863
Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword of Union between Sweden and Norway-1866
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) -1866
Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion-1866
Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur of France-1867
Grand Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) -1868
Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation of Italy-1868
Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia-1868
Grand Cross of the Order of Red Eagle of Prussia-1868
Grand Cross of the Order of St Maurice and Lazarus of Italy-1869
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy-1869
Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece-1869
Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold von Austria-1869
Honorary Member: Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities-1874 Order of Brilliant Star
of Zanzibar, 1 Class-1875
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